Abstract

The increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices has intensified research into biofertilizers as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. This study evaluated the efficiency of different biofertilizer formulations across various soil types and climatic conditions to determine optimal application strategies. A comprehensive field trial was conducted across five distinct agro-climatic zones, examining the performance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium spp.), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and potassium-mobilizing bacteria (KMB) in clay, loam, and sandy soils under temperate, tropical, and arid climates. Results indicated that biofertilizer efficiency varied significantly based on soil-climate interactions, with maximum nitrogen fixation rates of 45.2 kg N ha⁻¹ observed in loamy soils under temperate conditions. Clay soils demonstrated superior phosphorus mobilization (78% increase over control), while sandy soils showed enhanced potassium availability in tropical climates. Temperature and moisture content emerged as critical factors influencing microbial viability, with optimal performance occurring at 25-30°C and 60-70% field capacity. The study concludes that site-specific biofertilizer selection based on pedoclimatic conditions can enhance agricultural productivity while reducing environmental impact.