Abstract

Flooding events have become increasingly frequent due to climate change, posing significant threats to agricultural sustainability through soil nutrient depletion and reduced crop productivity. This comprehensive review examines the mechanisms by which flooding affects soil nutrient dynamics and agricultural output. We analyzed data from 45 field studies conducted across different climatic zones and soil types over the past decade. Results indicate that flooding causes substantial losses of essential nutrients, with nitrogen (N) losses ranging from 15-75 kg ha⁻¹, phosphorus (P) losses of 5-25 kg ha⁻¹, and potassium (K) losses of 20-90 kg ha⁻¹ per flooding event. Crop yield reductions varied from 20-80% depending on flood duration, timing, and crop type. The study reveals that leaching, surface runoff, and denitrification are the primary mechanisms responsible for nutrient losses during flooding. Sandy soils showed higher nutrient mobility compared to clay soils, while organic matter content significantly influenced nutrient retention capacity. Recovery strategies including controlled drainage, cover cropping, and precision fertilizer application demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating nutrient losses and maintaining productivity. These findings emphasize the urgent need for adaptive management strategies to maintain agricultural sustainability under increasing flood frequency scenarios.