Indian agriculture is facing increasing pressure to maintain productivity while addressing challenges related to soil degradation, declining nutrient use efficiency, rising input costs and climate variability. Natural farming has emerged as a promising agroecological approach that emphasizes soil biological processes, on-farm resource recycling and reduced dependence on synthetic inputs. This article examines natural farming as a transition strategy for sustainable agriculture in India by analysing its core components, sustainability benefits, implementation challenges and recent government initiatives supporting its adoption. Evidence from government reports and scientific studies suggests that natural farming can improve soil quality, reduce cultivation costs and enhance climate resilience in certain production systems, although outcomes remain context-specific and dependent on effective transition support. The article also highlights the importance of strengthening extension systems, developing bio-input infrastructure and ensuring market linkages to support adoption. Overall, natural farming is best viewed as part of a broader pathway toward sustainable intensification, where environmental conservation, economic viability and farmer welfare are addressed together. Its future contribution will depend on continued research validation, policy support and farmer-centered implementation strategies.