Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical component of terrestrial ecosystems, influencing soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation. Land-use transitions, such as conversions from forests to agriculture or grasslands to urban areas, significantly impact SOC stability, defined as the resistance of SOC to decomposition and loss. This article reviews the dynamics of SOC stability during land-use changes, focusing on the interplay of soil properties, management practices, and environmental factors. Using a synthesis of field studies and modeling approaches, we explore how transitions affect SOC pools, including labile and recalcitrant fractions. Results indicate that conversions to intensive agriculture often reduce SOC stability due to increased microbial activity and physical disturbance, while reforestation can enhance stability through increased inputs of recalcitrant carbon. We discuss management strategies to mitigate SOC loss and highlight research gaps. This study underscores the importance of sustainable land management to maintain SOC stability and support global carbon sequestration efforts.